The epigraph is from Jaap Kunst, Music In Java, 1933; English ed., 1949; 3rd ed., ed. Ernst Heins (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1973), p. 142.

1. Edw. Jacobson & J.H. van Hasselt, De Gong-Fabricatie te Semarang; Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde, Ser. 2, no. 15, (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1907, translated into English by Andrew Toth as "The Manufacture of Gongs in Semarang," Indonesia 19 (April, 1975): 127-172; Kunst, Music In Java. pp 137-140 (the information about gong smithing in the third edition remains the same as that first); Mantle Hood, The Ethnomusicologist (New York: McGraw Hill, 1971).

2. Jacobson and Van Hasselt, trans. Toth p. 104.

3. Tentrem Sarwanto, Soekanta Sastrodarsana, Mlayawidada, Al. Suwardi, Sumarsam, Toomas Paiste, personal conversations, 1988–94; S. Pranoto, Teknik Pembuatan Gong Besar, (Surakarta: A.S.K.I. [ca. 1968]; Kunst, Music In Java.

4. The veracity of this statement is in some doubt as it is in contradiction with family history. Unbiased factual information, is difficult to obtain, however .

5. Hood, The Ethnomusicologist, pp. 366–68.